Invitation

Invitation (written)

example of formal invitation

 




Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation:
1. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

 




2. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
 

Example of Informal Invitation

How to write an invitation
Step 1
before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.
Example of invitation:
1. Wedding invitation
2. Birthday invitation
3. Baby shower
4. Dinner invitation

Narrative Text

Narrative Text is a text which contains a story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.

Generic Structures:
• Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
• Complication (a problem arises followed by other problem)
• Resolution (solution to the problem)

Language features:
• The use of noun phrases (a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• The use of connectives (first, before that, then, finally)
• The use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• The use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
• The use o action verbs (walk, sleep, wake up)
• The use of saying verbs (tell, say, ask)
• The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses (she felt hungry, she thought she was clever, she smelt something burning)

Example of Narrative Text 

The Myth of Malin Kundang

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang’s father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her “Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!” After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.

Passive Voice

Passive voice

example passive voice of cartoon

There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tell us what is done to the subject, for example: The letter was written by the secretary.
Definition of passive voice:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence.
The generic structure:
• Active: S + V active + O
• Passive: O + to be + V3 + by + S

Active to passive voice
Simple Present
Noun + is/am/are + V3
Active: she is write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.

Present continuous
Noun + is/am/are + being + V3
Active: I am buying a motorcycle.
Passive: A motorcycle is being bought by me.



Simple Past
Noun + was/were + V3
Active: The police released the hostages.
Passive: The hostages were released by the police.

Past Continuous
Noun + was/were + being +V3
Active: The officer was investigating the case.
Passive: The case was being investigated by the officer.

Simple Future
Noun + shall/will + be +V3
Active: The judges will issue a verdict against the accused.
Passive: A verdict against the accused will be issued by the judges.

Past Future
Noun + should/would + be +V3
Active: The investigator would hand in the file.
Passive: The file would be handed in by the investigator.

Simple Present Perfect
Noun + has/have + been + V3
Active: A local resident has uncovered an ancient boat.
Passive: An ancient boat has been uncovered by a local resident.

Past Perfect
Noun + had + been + V3
Active: We had found your watch.
Passive: Your watch had been found by us.

Simple Future Perfect
Noun + shall/will + have + been + V3
Active: The witness shall have shown the evidence.
Passive: The evidence will have been shown by the witness.

Past Future Perfect
Noun + should/would + have + been + V3
Active: The major should have been invited by the president.
Passive: The president should have been invited by the major.

Modals
Noun + must/shall/will/have to/has to + be + V3
Active: Sugiarto must report his attendance to the police once a week.
Passive: His attendance must be reported by Sugiarto to the police once a week.


If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
Use of passive
Passive voice is use when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite then active voice, as the following example shows: A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone.

When we rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
• The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped).
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form.
• The two forms should have the same tenses.

How about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
• People don’t use bikes anymore.
• Bikes are not used anymore.
• Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
• Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

Simple Future

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will happened in the future. Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”.

Positive (+)
a) S + shall/will + V1
Example:
• I shall write a novel.
• They will play badminton.
• I will go to the market.

b) S + be + going + to + V1
Example:
• I am going to write a novel.
• They are going to play badminton.
• Dheppy is give a present to me.

Negative (-)
c) S + shall/will + not +V1 + O
Example:
• I shan’t write a novel.
• She won’t clean the room.
• You will not help him later.
• I will not take a nap soon.

d) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O
Example:
• I am not going to party.
• He is not going to visit his grandparents next month.
• We are not going to clean the classroom.
Interrogative
e) Will + S + V1 + O
Example:
• Will you arrive on time?
• Will they want dinner?
• Will he swim very fast?

f) To be + S + going to + V1
Example:
• Am I going to visit my aunt?
• Are you buying a shirt?
• Is he going to write a novel?

Use of simple Future
1. Use “will” to express a voluntary action
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?

2. Use “will” to express a promise
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.


3. Use “be going to” to express a plan
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Bandung.
• I’m going to be an actress when I grow up.
• She is not going o spend her holiday in Jakarta.

4. Use “will” or “be going to” to express a prediction
Examples:
• The year 2212 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2212 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Tukul Arwana will be the next president.

Descriptive Text

Definition and purpose of Descriptive Text 

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.




Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Example
Description text of Prambanan Temple



Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.
The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.
It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.
The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons

Asking if someone remembers or not

Asking if someone remembers or not  

1. Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?
• Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember
• Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.
• Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Mia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Mia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day

Introductory It

Introductory It

A: To get the best score is hard.
B: It is hard to get the best score.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory it. A and B the same thing, but the sentence B is more common mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

When the subject is clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying “That he was once a communist is true,” we say,” It is true that he was once a communist.”

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear, and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that he may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying “To find fault with others is easy”, we say “It is easy to find the fault with others.”

When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying “Your trying to deceive us is no good,” we may say “It is no good your trying to deceive us.